A team of scientists has extended the lives of old mice by connecting their blood vessels to young mice. The infusions of youthful blood led the older animals to live six to nine percent longer, the research found, roughly equivalent to six extra years for an average human.
While the study does not point to an anti-ageing treatment for people, it does hint that the blood of young mice contains compounds that promote longevity, the researchers said.
“I would guess it’s a useful cocktail,” said James White, a cell biologist at the Duke University School of Medicine and an author of the new study, according to a report by the New York Times.
Joining animals together, known as parabiosis, has a long history in science. In the 19th century, French scientists connected the blood vessels of two rats. To prove that the rats shared a circulatory system, they injected belladonna, a compound from the deadly nightshade plant, into one of the animals. The pupils of both rats dilated.
In the 1950s, Clive McCay of Cornell University and his colleagues used parabiosis to explore ageing. They joined young and old rats, stitching together their flanks so that the capillaries in their skin merged. Later, McCay and his colleagues examined the cartilage in the old rats and concluded it looked younger.
In the early 2000s, parabiosis went through a renaissance. Researchers used 21st-century techniques to study what happened when animals of different ages shared the same bloodstream. They found the muscles and brains of old mice were rejuvenated, while younger mice showed signs of accelerated ageing.
Some doctors jumped on these preliminary results and started offering injections of blood plasma from young people as a way to treat dementia and other diseases of old age. The US Food and Drug Administration issued a warning against such treatments in 2019, cautioning that “they have no proven clinical benefits for the uses for which these clinics are advertising them and are potentially harmful.”
For several years, White and his colleagues have been tweaking parabiosis procedures in mice to better understand the anti-ageing effects. The scientists joined an old and young mouse together for about three months, twice as long as typical parabiosis experiments, before carefully detaching them. After the animals recovered, the scientists observed the animals to see how much longer they lived.
The researchers not only found that the old mice lived longer but also that the course of their ageing appeared to change.
After detaching the old mice, the scientists looked at molecular markers in their blood and liver that act like a clock for an animal’s biological age. These clocks seemed to have been paused: Two months later, these molecular markers showed the older animals as “younger” than untreated mice of the same age.
“We reset the trajectory of ageing,” White said.
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The young mice were also affected by the union. “The young mice rapidly become older, and when we separate the mice, it goes back,” said Vadim Gladyshev, an expert on biological clocks at Harvard Medical School and an author of the new study.
“It’s a beautiful demonstration — it really shows that this effect is not transient,” said Tony Wyss-Coray, a parabiosis expert at Stanford University who was not involved in the study.
But Michael Conboy, a research scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, cautioned that a similar experiment published last year by Ukrainian scientists did not show that old mice lived longer after parabiosis.
“But at least somebody is doing the experiments, which is brave because they are not easy,” Conboy said.
David Glass, the vice president for research on age-related disorders at Regeneron, a pharmaceutical company, noted that the new report used a different strain of mice from the one in last year’s study. “So one should be cautious in generalizing the findings,” Glass said.
Now White and his colleagues are following up with experiments to understand what might be slowing down ageing in the old mice. “We’re hunting the hows and whys,” he said.
The long-term effects of the experiment suggest to White that the cause can’t be pinned only to cells from the young mice rejuvenating the old ones. Once the surgeons separated the mice, the old mice lost their supply of young cells but did not return to their old state.
One possibility is that harmful compounds in the old animals get diluted by the blood of the young mice. The young blood may also contain molecules that reprogram cells in the old mice so that they kept behaving like younger cells after the animals were detached.
Gladyshev did not see the new study as a justification for getting shots of young human serum. He and his colleagues have no idea which factors make up the life-extending cocktail for mice, let alone people. For another, injections are a far cry from being joined up to another animal for months.
“It’s just very strange to think it could work,” Gladyshev said.
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