No society can thrive without a robust and reliable energy supply to drive production. Across the world, industrialisation has been built on the foundation of stable electricity—boosting productivity, lowering costs, and ultimately raising per capita income. But the question remains: is stable electricity a direct driver of economic growth, or merely an enabler that amplifies other factors?

The chart below compares Nigeria's electricity consumption per capita with that of its peers—Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, South