Nigeria stands at a critical fiscal crossroads. Despite repeated calls for economic reform, the government continues to rely on misguided policies that tax the poorest citizens rather than foster an environment conducive to growth. This approach is not only economically unsustainable, but it also perpetuates inequality and hinders long-term development. As one of Africa’s largest economies, Nigeria’s revenue collection remains shockingly low, especially when compared to regional peers like South Africa and Kenya. The country’s tax policies, which disproportionately burden low-income earners, exacerbate the very problems they are meant to solve.
“Nigeria’s tax system needs broader reform to widen the tax base and ensure that the wealthiest individuals and corporations contribute their fair share.”
A recent study by BusinessDay highlights this troubling discrepancy. Among eight African nations, Nigeria has the lowest personal income tax (PIT) exemption threshold, yet it collects the least revenue. In 2023, Nigeria generated just N1.53 trillion in PIT revenue, while Kenya brought in N5.8 trillion, and South Africa a staggering N50.5 trillion. This contrast underscores the inefficiency of Nigeria’s tax system and its failure to capture sufficient revenue for meaningful public investment.
Taxing the poor is not a path to prosperity. The world’s leading economists, including John Maynard Keynes, have long argued that progressive taxation, where the wealthiest pay more, is essential to both economic growth and social stability. According to Keynesian economics, taxing those with higher incomes—who are more inclined to preserve money rather than spend it—has a smaller negative impact on the economy than taxing people who live from hand to mouth.
Read also: Nigeria’s fiscal suicide: Taxing the poor into poverty
With a PIT exemption threshold of just N70,000, low-income earners are subjected to taxation, despite their precarious financial positions. This policy not only reduces their already limited purchasing power but also stifles domestic consumption—the very engine of economic growth. According to Numbeo’s 2024 data, Nigeria’s purchasing power index is one of the lowest globally, at just 9.4, compared to South Africa’s 84.7. This stark disparity reflects the severe economic constraints facing ordinary Nigerians.
The lessons of economic history are clear. No nation has successfully taxed its way to prosperity without fostering an environment that encourages wealth creation. Even Great Britain, one of the world’s earliest industrial powers, faced a similar dilemma under Queen Elizabeth I. In the late 16th century, heavy taxation and monopolies led to public dissatisfaction and economic stagnation. It was only after Parliament limited the Crown’s ability to levy taxes without reform that Britain laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution.
Economists Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, in their seminal work Why Nations Fail, argue that inclusive economic institutions—those that protect property rights, enforce contracts, and promote innovation—are crucial for sustained growth. Nigeria’s current fiscal policies, which tax the poor while offering little in return, fail to create the conditions necessary for such institutional development. Without structural reform, Nigeria’s economy will remain stuck in a cycle of low growth and high inequality.
To address these deep-rooted issues, Nigeria must rethink its fiscal approach. Raising the PIT exemption threshold, as proposed in the Economic Stabilisation Bill (ESB), is a welcome first step. By increasing the threshold to N1.5 million, the government can relieve the tax burden on low-income earners and improve their purchasing power. This, in turn, would stimulate domestic consumption and contribute to economic recovery.
However, raising the exemption threshold alone will not be enough. Nigeria’s tax system needs broader reform to widen the tax base and ensure that the wealthiest individuals and corporations contribute their fair share. This would help to diversify government revenue sources and reduce over-reliance on oil, which remains a volatile and unsustainable pillar of the economy.
Additionally, improving tax administration and enforcement is crucial. Corruption and inefficiency within the Nigerian tax system have long undermined the government’s ability to collect revenue. Addressing these systemic issues, alongside increasing transparency and accountability, will be key to ensuring that tax reforms lead to real economic progress.
Nigeria’s future prosperity hinges not on squeezing more revenue from its poorest citizens but on fostering an environment conducive to sustained economic growth. As Taiwo Oyedele aptly stated, “The best way to generate revenue on a sustainable basis is to grow your economy.” By stimulating business growth and empowering individuals, Nigeria can expand its tax base and generate substantial revenue without resorting to excessive taxation of low-income earners.
To achieve this, the government must implement comprehensive reforms that prioritise economic growth and social equity. This includes streamlining bureaucratic processes, improving infrastructure, and promoting innovation. By creating a favourable business climate, Nigeria can attract foreign investment, stimulate domestic entrepreneurship, and generate employment opportunities.
Moreover, the government should invest in education, healthcare, and social safety nets to empower citizens and enhance their productivity. A well-educated and healthy workforce is essential for driving economic growth and reducing poverty.
The road ahead demands bold action and a long-term vision. By embracing these reforms, Nigeria can break free from the cycle of poverty and inequality and embark on a path towards a prosperous and equitable future.
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