Top 10 most difficult languages to learn and why

Learning a new language can be both rewarding and challenging, especially when it comes to mastering languages with intricate grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary.

Despite limited opportunities to practice with native speakers, the benefits of learning a new language are substantial, opening up new opportunities and possibilities.

In an increasingly globalized world, proficiency in English is often sufficient. However, as businesses expand into foreign markets, learning an additional language can break down communication barriers and unlock success.

These ten languages are particularly challenging due to their unique complexities, but mastering them can provide immense rewards and open a world of opportunities for personal, professional, or academic growth.

According to Ceoworld magazine, here are the top ten of the most difficult languages to master, based on various linguistic features and expert assessments.

Arabic

Arabic ranks as the most challenging language to learn. Native to around 110 million people in the Middle East and North Africa, Arabic features a right-to-left script and unfamiliar sounds in pronunciation. According to the US Foreign Service Institute (FSI), Arabic requires an estimated 88 weeks to learn for English speakers. The language’s complexity arises from its extensive vocabulary, intricate grammar rules, and variations in dialects across different regions.

Mandarin

Mandarin, China’s national language, is spoken by more than 1.3 billion people. It is widely used in education and the corporate world in China. However, learning Mandarin poses significant challenges due to its complex syntax, non-phonetic characters, and the necessity to master four tones to ensure accurate communication. The writing system, consisting of thousands of characters, adds another layer of difficulty for learners.

Korean

Korean, the official language of both North and South Korea, is spoken by about 77 million people. Korean vocabulary is largely derived from Mandarin, presenting challenges for both English and non-English speakers. The language uses Hangul, a logical and phonetic writing system consisting of 21 vowels and 19 consonants. Despite the relative simplicity of Hangul, Korean’s complex honorifics and grammar structures make it difficult to learn.

Japanese

Japanese is among the five hardest languages to learn, according to the US Foreign Service Institute. It is spoken by approximately 128 million people, primarily in Japan. The complexity of Japanese stems from its three writing systems: Kanji, Hiragana, and Katakana. Additionally, the language places a strong emphasis on formality and a respectful tone, which can be challenging for non-native speakers to master.

Russian

Russian, spoken by over 150 million people worldwide, is crucial for business and diplomatic relations in Russia’s global economic and political sphere. The language uses the Cyrillic alphabet, which can be daunting for learners accustomed to the Latin alphabet. Russian grammar is complex, with six cases, three genders, and various verb conjugations. Pronunciation and stress patterns also add to the difficulty.

Hungarian

Hungarian, the official language of Hungary and an official language of the European Union has about 14 million native speakers. The language is notorious for its complex pronunciation and grammar, featuring 14 vowels and a highly agglutinative structure. This means that words are formed by stringing together various prefixes and suffixes, making it challenging for English speakers to learn. However, non-English speakers may find it relatively simpler due to its unique linguistic roots.

Icelandic

Icelandic, spoken by approximately 370,000 people in Iceland, is among the most challenging languages to learn. The language has remained relatively unchanged since medieval times, retaining many archaic features. Its complex grammar includes four cases and three genders, making it difficult for learners. However, mastering Icelandic can open doors to job opportunities in Iceland’s thriving tourism industry.

Greek

Greek, one of the world’s oldest known languages, has significantly influenced the development of English and many other languages. It is spoken by about 13 million people, mainly in Greece and Cyprus. Greek’s complex grammar includes three noun genders, multiple cases, and tenses, adding to its difficulty. The Greek alphabet, although not entirely unfamiliar to English speakers, also presents a learning curve.

Persian

Persian, also known as Farsi, is spoken in Central Asia and the Middle East, primarily in Iran. With 62 million native speakers, it ranks among the top 20 most spoken languages globally. Persian uses the Arabic script and is read from right to left, which can be challenging for new learners. The language also has a rich literary tradition and vocabulary, further complicating the learning process.

Turkish

Turkish, spoken by around 75 million people primarily in Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, is known for its phonetic nature but poses difficulties with its complex grammar, extensive use of suffixes, and unique word order. Turkish follows a subject-object-verb (SOV) structure, which is different from the subject-verb-object (SVO) order in English. This difference in sentence structure, combined with vowel harmony and agglutination, makes Turkish a challenging language to learn.